Highly concentrated, free-flowing pearly lustre concentrates

ABSTRACT

A pearlizing composition containing: (a) from about 20 to 45% by weight of a pearlizing wax; (b) from about 0.1 to 6% by weight of an anionic surfactant; (c) from about 0.1 to 8% by weight of a polyol ester; (d) optionally, a surfactant selected from the group consisting of a zwitterionic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, and mixtures thereof; and (e) water, all weights being based on the weight of the composition, and wherein (a) and (c) are present in the composition in a ratio by weight of from about 12:1 to 7:1, and wherein (c) and (b) are present in the composition in a ratio by weight of from about 2:1 to 0.8:1.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This application is a 371 of PCT/EP02/13927 filed Dec. 9, 2002.

This invention relates to highly concentrated pearlizing concentrates with a high content of pearlizing waxes and contents of anionic surfactants and special emulsifier/polyol ester mixtures and to a process for their production.

Pearlizers are a long-established and proven medium for providing cosmetic products with an attractive, rich and interesting appearance. An overview of modern pearlizing formulations was published by A. Ansmann and R. Kawa in Parf. Kosm. 75, 578 (1994). Besides having to possess the required properties, such as high brilliance, good particle fineness and high compatibility with other auxiliaries, particularly highly concentrated formulations intended for subsequent processing are expected to combine uniform, good physicochemical stability with low viscosity and flowability. Polyol fatty acid esters are often used as viscosity adjusters in the production of pearlizing concentrates. They are used in combination with anionic, zwitterionic and nonionic surfactant mixtures, not only the dermatological and mucous membrane compatibility of these mixtures, but also ecotoxicological aspects having been taken into consideration for some time now.

European Patents EP 0581193 B1 and EP 0568848 B1 disclose flowable concentrated pearlizing formulations containing large quantities of fatty acid glycol esters and betaines as zwitterionic surfactants. Fatty alcohol alkoxylates are used as nonionic surfactants.

International patent application WO 96/21711 also describes pearlizing concentrates containing nonionic, anionic and zwitterionic surfactants. The nonionic surfactants are necessarily fatty alcohol ethoxylates. However, fatty alcohol ethoxylates are ecotoxicolocially problematic on account of their toxicity to fish and aquatic organisms.

Accordingly, the problem addressed by the present invention was to provide new pearlizing concentrates with a very content of active substances which would be distinguished by good environmental compatibility, high dermatological compatibility, a low content of emulsifiers and improved processability coupled with high stability and comparable performance in regard to the brilliance of the pearlescence.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to highly concentrated, flowable pearlizing concentrates containing

-   (a) 20 to 45% by weight pearlizing waxes, -   (b) 0.1 to 6% by weight anionic surfactants, -   (c) 0.1 to 8% by weight nonionic emulsifiers from the group of     polyol esters,     with the provisos that the quantities shown add up to 100% by weight     with water and optionally other auxiliaries and additives, the     quantity ratio of pearlizing waxes (a) to nonionic emulsifiers from     the group of polyol esters (c) is in the range from 12:1 to 7:1 and     the quantity ratio of polyol esters to anionic surfactants is in the     range from 2:1 to 0.8:1.

It has surprisingly been found that, using anionic surfactants and polyol esters in a specially defined quantity ratio, pearlizing concentrates with a high percentage content of pearlizing waxes and a low percentage content of emulsifiers can be formulated to physicochemically very stable and yet flowable and readily processable compositions without the environmentally toxic fatty alcohol ethoxylates having to be present. The formulations are distinguished by high dermatological compatibility and contribute towards lower aquatic pollution than conventional pearlizers.

Pearlizing Waxes

Suitable pearlizing waxes are, for example, alkylene glycol esters, fatty acid alkanolamides, partial glycerides, esters of polybasic, optionally hydroxysubstituted carboxylic acids, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, fatty ketones, fatty aldehydes, fatty ethers, fatty carbonates, ring opening products of olefin epoxides and mixtures thereof.

The alkylene glycol esters which form component (a1) are normally monoesters and/or diesters of alkylene glycols corresponding to formula (I): R¹CO(OA)_(n)OR²  (I) in which R¹CO is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated acyl group containing 6 to 22 carbon atoms, R² is hydrogen or has the same meaning as R¹CO and A is a linear or branched alkylene group containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms and n is a number of 1 to 5. Typical examples are monoesters and/or diesters of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, triethylene glycol or tetraethylene glycol with fatty acids containing 6 to 22 and preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms, such as caproic acid, caprylic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, isotridecanoic acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, isostearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, petroselic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, elaeostearic acid, arachic acid, gadoleic acid, behenic acid and erucic acid and technical mixtures thereof.

Other pearlizing waxes, such as fatty acid alkanolamides, correspond to formula (II): R³CO—NR⁴—B—OH  (II)

in which R³CO is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated acyl group containing 6 to 22 carbon atoms, R⁴ is hydrogen or an optionally hydroxy-substituted alkyl group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms and B is a linear or branched alkylene group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Typical examples are condensation products of ethanolamine, methyl ethanolamine, diethanolamine, propanolamine, methyl propanolamine and dipropanolamine and mixtures thereof with caproic acid, caprylic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, isotridecanoic acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, isostearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, petroselic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, elaeostearic acid, arachic acid, gadoleic acid, behenic acid and erucic acid and technical mixtures thereof. Stearic acid ethanolamide is particularly preferred.

Partial glycerides are monoesters and/or diesters of glycerol with linear, saturated fatty acids, i.e. for example caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid and technical mixtures thereof. They correspond to formula (III):

in which R⁵CO is a linear, saturated acyl group containing 6 to 22 carbon atoms, R⁶ and R⁷ independently of one another represent hydrogen or have the same meaning as R⁵CO, x, y and z together stand for 0 or for a number of 1 to 30 and X is an alkali or alkaline earth metal, with the proviso that at least one of the two substituents R⁶ and R⁷ is hydrogen. Typical examples are lauric acid monoglyceride, lauric acid diglyceride, coconut fatty acid monoglyceride, coconut fatty acid triglyceride, palmitic acid monoglyceride, palmitic acid triglyceride, stearic acid monoglyceride, stearic acid diglyceride, tallow fatty acid monoglyceride, tallow fatty acid diglyceride, behenic acid monoglyceride, behenic acid diglyceride and technical mixtures thereof which may still contain small quantities of triglyceride from the production process.

Another preferred group of pearlizing waxes are esters of polybasic, optionally hydroxysubstituted carboxylic acids with fatty alcohols containing 6 to 22 carbon atoms. The acid component of these esters may be selected, for example, from malonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, azelaic acid, dodecanedioic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid and, more particularly, succinic acid and also malic acid, citric acid and, more particularly, tartaric acid and mixtures thereof. The fatty alcohols contain 6 to 22, preferably 12 to 18 and more preferably 16 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain. Typical examples are caproic alcohol, caprylic alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, capric alcohol, lauryl alcohol, isotridecyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, palmitoleyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, elaidyl alcohol, petroselinyl alcohol, linolyl alcohol, linolenyl alcohol, elaeostearyl alcohol, arachyl alcohol, gadoleyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, erucyl alcohol and brassidyl alcohol and technical mixtures thereof. The esters may be present as full or partial esters; monoesters and, above all, diesters of carboxylic or hydroxycarboxylic acids preferably being used. Typical examples are succinic acid mono- and dilauryl ester, succinic acid mono- and dicetearyl ester, succinic acid mono- and distearyl ester, tartaric acid mono- and dilauryl ester, tartaric acid mono- and dicocoalkyl ester, tartaric acid mono- and dicetearyl ester, citric acid mono-, di- and trilauryl ester, citric acid mono-, di- and tricocoalkyl ester and citric acid mono-, di- and tricetearyl ester.

A third group of pearlizing waxes are fatty alcohols and fatty acids corresponding to formulae (IVa and b): R⁸OH  (IVa) R⁸COOH  (IVb) in which R⁸ is a linear, optionally hydroxy-substituted alkyl group and/or acyl group containing 16 to 48 and preferably 18 to 36 carbon atoms. Typical examples of suitable alcohols are cetearyl alcohol, hydroxystearyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol and oxidation products of long-chain paraffins.

Fatty ketones preferably correspond to formula (V): R⁹—CO—R¹⁰  (V) in which R⁹ and R¹⁰ independently of one another represent alkyl and/or alkenyl groups containing 1 to 22 carbon atoms, with the proviso that they contain a total of at least 24 and preferably 32 to 48 carbon atoms. The ketones may be prepared by known methods, for example by pyrolysis of the corresponding fatty acid magnesium salts. The ketones may be symmetrical or non-symmetrical, although the two substituents R⁹ and R¹⁰ preferably differ from one another by only one carbon atom and are derived from fatty acids containing 16 to 22 carbon atoms.

Fatty aldehydes suitable as pearlizing waxes preferably correspond to formula (VI): R¹¹COH  (VI) in which R¹¹CO is a linear or branched acyl group containing 24 to 48 and preferably 28 to 32 carbon atoms.

Other suitable pearlizing waxes are fatty ethers corresponding to formula (VII): R¹²—O—R¹³  (VII) in which R¹² and R¹³ independently of one another represent alkyl and/or alkenyl groups containing 1 to 22 carbon atoms, with the proviso that they contain a total of at least 24 and preferably 32 to 48 carbon atoms. Fatty ethers of the type mentioned are normally prepared by acidic condensation of the corresponding fatty alcohols. Fatty ethers with particularly advantageous pearlizing properties are obtained by condensation of fatty alcohols containing 16 to 22 carbon atoms such as, for example, cetyl alcohol, cetearyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol and/or erucyl alcohol.

Other suitable pearlizing waxes are fatty carbonates corresponding to formula (VIII): R¹⁴O—CO—OR¹⁵  (VII) in which R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ independently of one another are alkyl and/or alkenyl groups containing 1 to 22 carbon atoms, with the proviso that they contain a total of at least 24 and preferably 32 to 48 carbon atoms. The substances are obtained by transesterifying dimethyl or diethyl carbonate, for example, with the corresponding fatty alcohols by methods known per se. Accordingly, the fatty carbonates may be symmetrical or non-symmetrical. However, carbonates in which R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are the same and represent alkyl groups containing 16 to 22 carbon atoms are preferably used. Transesterification products of dimethyl or diethyl carbonate with cetyl alcohol, cetearyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol and/or erucyl alcohol in the form of their monoesters and diesters and technical mixtures thereof are particularly preferred.

The ring-opening products are known substances which are normally obtained by acid-catalyzed reaction of terminal or internal olefin epoxides with aliphatic alcohols. The reaction products preferably correspond to formula (IX):

in which R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ represent hydrogen or an alkyl group containing 10 to 20 carbon atoms, with the proviso that the sum total of carbon atoms of R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ is between 10 and 20 and R¹⁸ is an alkyl and/or alkenyl group containing 12 to 22 and/or the residue of a polyol containing 2 to 15 carbon atoms and 2 to 10 hydroxyl groups. Typical examples are ring-opening products of α-dodecene epoxide, α-hexadecene epoxide, α-octadecene epoxide, α-eicosene epoxide, α-docosene epoxide, i-dodecene epoxide, i-hexadecene epoxide, i-octadecene epoxide, i-eicosene epoxide and/or i-docosene epoxide with lauryl alcohol, cocofatty alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, cetearyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, elaidyl alcohol, petroselinyl alcohol, linolyl alcohol, linolenyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol and/or erucyl alcohol. Ring opening products of hexa- and/or octadecene epoxides with fatty alcohols containing 16 to 18 carbon atoms are preferably used. If polyols are used instead of the fatty alcohols for the ring opening reaction, they are selected for example from the following substances: glycerol; alkylene glycols such as, for example, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, hexylene glycol and polyethylene glycols with an average molecular weight of 100 to 1,000 dalton; technical oligoglycerol mixtures with a degree of self-condensation of 1.5 to 10 such as, for example, technical diglycerol mixtures with a diglycerol content of 40 to 50% by weight; methylol compounds such as, in particular, trimethylol ethane, trimethylol propane, trimethylol butane, pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol; lower alkyl glucosides, more particularly those containing 1 to 8 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain such as, for example, methyl and butyl glucoside; sugar alcohols containing 5 to 12 carbon atoms such as, for example, sorbitol or mannitol, sugars containing 5 to 12 carbon atoms such as, for example, glucose or sucrose; amino sugars such as, for example, glucamine.

Preferred pearlizing waxes are alkylene glycol fatty acid esters corresponding to formula (I) in quantities of 20 to 45% by weight, preferably in quantities of 25 to 40% by weight and more particularly in quantities of 27 to 39% by weight, based on the bearlizing concentrates. Among these pearlizing waxes, ethylene glycol mono- and/or distearate is/are particularly preferred for sparkling pearlescence. The best results are obtained with ethylene glycol distearate.

Anionic Surfactants

Examples of anionic surfactants are soaps, alkyl benzenesulfonates, alkane sulfonates, olefin sulfonates, alkyl ether sulfonates, glycerol ether sulfonates, α-methyl ester sulfonates, sulfofatty acids, alkyl sulfates, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, glycerol ether sulfates, fatty acid ether sulfates, hydroxy mixed ether sulfates, monoglyceride (ether) sulfates, fatty acid amide (ether) sulfates, mono- and dialkyl sulfosuccinates, mono- and dialkyl sulfosuccinamates, sulfotriglycerides, amide soaps, ether carboxylic acids and salts thereof, fatty acid isethionates, fatty acid sarcosinates, fatty acid taurides, N-acylamino acids such as, for example, acyl lactylates, acyl tartrates, acyl glutamates and acyl aspartates, alkyl oligoglucoside sulfates, protein fatty acid condensates (particularly wheat-based vegetable products) and alkyl (ether) phosphates. If the anionic surfactants contain polyglycol ether chains, the polyglycol ether chains may have a conventional homolog distribution, although they preferably have a narrow homolog distribution. The anionic surfactants are used in quantities of 0.1 to 6% by weight, preferably in quantities of 0.5 to 5% by weight and more particularly in quantities of 1 to 4% y weight, based on the pearlizing concentrates. Particularly suitable anionic surfactants in the preparations according to the invention are alkyl ether sulfates.

Alkyl Ether Sulfates

Alkyl ether sulfates (“ether sulfates”) are known anionic surfactants which, on an industrial scale, are produced by SO₃ or chlorosulfonic acid (CSA) sulfation of fatty alcohol or oxoalcohol polyglycol ethers and subsequent neutralization. Ether sulfates suitable for use in accordance with the invention correspond to formula (X): R¹⁹O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(a)SO₃X  (X) in which R¹⁹ is a linear or branched alkyl and/or alkenyl group containing 6 to 22 carbon atoms, a is a number of 1 to 10 and X is an alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal, ammonium, alkylammonium, alkanolammonium or glucammonium. Typical examples are the sulfates of addition products of on average 1 to 10 and more particularly 2 to 5 mol ethylene oxide onto caproic alcohol, caprylic alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, capric alcohol, lauryl alcohol, isotridecyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, palmitoleyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, elaidyl alcohol, petroselinyl alcohol, arachyl alcohol, gadoleyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, erucyl alcohol and brassidyl alcohol and technical mixtures thereof in the form of their sodium and/or magnesium salts. The ether sulfates may have both a conventional homolog distribution and a narrow homolog distribution. It is particularly preferred to use ether sulfates based on adducts of, on average, 2 to 6 mol and preferably 2 to 3 mol ethylene oxide with technical C_(12/14) or C_(12/18) coconut fatty alcohol fractions in the form of their sodium and/or magnesium salts. Zwitterionic and Amphoteric Surfactants

In addition, amphoteric or zwitterionic surfactants may be used as an important optional component (d). Zwitterionic surfactants are surface-active compounds which contain at least one quaternary ammonium group and at least one carboxylate and one sulfonate group in the molecule. Particularly suitable zwitterionic surfactants are the so-called betaines, such as the N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium glycinates, for example cocoalkyl dimethyl ammonium glycinate, N-acylaminopropyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium glycinates, for example cocoacylaminopropyl dimethyl ammonium glycinate.

Amphoteric surfactants are surface-active compounds which, in addition to a C_(8/18) alkyl or acyl group, contain at least one free amino group and at least one —COOH— or —SO₃H— group in the molecule and which are capable of forming inner salts. Examples of suitable amphoteric surfactants are N-alkyl glycines, N-alkyl propionic acids, N-alkylamino-butyric acids, N-alkyliminodipropionic acids, N-hydroxyethyl-N-alkyl-amidopropyl glycines, N-alkyl taurines, N-alkyl sarcosines, 2-alkyl-aminopropionic acids and alkylaminoacetic acids containing around 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl group. Particularly preferred amphoteric surfactants are N-cocoalkylaminopropionate, cocoacylaminoethyl aminopropionate and C_(12/18) acyl sarcosine.

Particularly preferred zwitterionic or amphoteric surfactants are betaines and, of these, especially the fatty acid amide derivative known under the CTFA name of Cocoamidopropyl Betaine. Betaines are preferably used in quantities of 0.5 to 10% by weight and more particularly in quantities of3 to 8% by weight, based on the quantity of the pearlizing concentrates.

With regard to the physicochemical stability of the concentrates, it has proved to be particularly suitable to use the anionic emulsifiers/surfactants in the form of mixtures with amphoteric or zwitterionic surfactants (amphoteric surfactants) in which the percentage content of amphoteric surfactants may be up to twice as high as that of the anionic emulsifiers.

The total percentage content of emulsifiers consisting of nonionic, anionic and optionally amphoteric or zwitterionic surfactants should be below 25% by weight, preferably below 20% by weight and more particularly between 10 and 18% by weight, based on the quantity of the pearlizing concentrates.

Polyol Esters

Polyol esters which—as co-emulsifiers—form component (c) may be selected from the following groups of compounds:

-   (c1) partial esters of glycerol and/or sorbitan with unsaturated,     linear or saturated, branched fatty acids containing 12 to 22 carbon     atoms and/or hydroxycarboxylic acids containing 3 to 18 carbon atoms     and adducts thereof with 1 to 30 mol ethylene oxide; -   (c2) partial esters of polyglycerol (average degree of     self-condensation 2 to 8), polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 400     to 5000), trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, sugar alcohols (for     example sorbitol), alkyl glucosides (for example methyl glucoside,     butyl glucoside, lauryl glucoside) and polyglucosides (for example     cellulose) with saturated and/or unsaturated, linear or branched     fatty acids containing 12 to 22 carbon atoms and/or     hydroxycarboxylic acids containing 3 to 18 carbon atoms and adducts     thereof with 1 to 30 mol ethylene oxide; -   (c3) mixed esters of pentaerythritol, fatty acids, citric acid and     fatty alcohol according to DE 1165574 PS and/or mixed esters of     fatty acids containing 6 to 22 carbon atoms, methyl glucose and     polyols, preferably glycerol or polyglycerol.

Typical examples of suitable partial glycerides are hydroxystearic acid monoglyceride, hydroxystearic acid diglyceride, isostearic acid monoglyceride, isostearic acid diglyceride, oleic acid monoglyceride, oleic acid diglyceride, ricinoleic acid monoglyceride, ricinoleic acid diglyceride, linoleic acid monoglyceride, linoleic acid diglyceride, linolenic acid monoglyceride, linolenic acid diglyceride, erucic acid monoglyceride, erucic acid diglyceride, tartaric acid monoglyceride, tartaric acid diglyceride, citric acid monoglyceride, citric acid diglyceride, malic acid monoglyceride, malic acid diglyceride and technical mixtures thereof which may still contain small quantities of triglyceride from the production process. Addition products of 1 to 30 and preferably 5 to 10 mol ethylene oxide with the partial glycerides mentioned are also suitable.

Suitable sorbitan esters are sorbitan monoisostearate, sorbitan sesquiisostearate, sorbitan diisostearate, sorbitan triisostearate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan dioleate, sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan monoerucate, sorbitan sesquierucate, sorbitan dierucate, sorbitan trierucate, sorbitan monoricinoleate, sorbitan sesquiricinoleate, sorbitan diricinoleate, sorbitan triricinoleate, sorbitan monohydroxystearate, sorbitan sesquihydroxystearate, sorbitan dihydroxystearate, sorbitan trihydroxy-stearate, sorbitan monotartrate, sorbitan sesquitartrate, sorbitan ditartrate, sorbitan tritartrate, sorbitan monocitrate, sorbitan sesquicitrate, sorbitan dicitrate, sorbitan tricitrate, sorbitan monomaleate, sorbitan sesquimaleate, sorbitan dimaleate, sorbitan trimaleate and technical mixtures thereof. Addition products of 1 to 30 and preferably 5 to 10 mol ethylene oxide onto the sorbitan esters mentioned are also suitable.

Typical examples of suitable polyglycerol esters are Polyglyceryl-2 Dipolyhydroxystearate (Dehymuls® PGPH), Polyglycerin-3-Diisostearate (Lameform® TGI), Polyglyceryl-4 Isostearate (Isolan® GI 34), Polyglyceryl-3 Oleate, Diisostearoyl Polyglyceryl-3 Diisostearate (Isolan® PDI), Poly-glyceryl-3 Methylglucose Distearate (Tego Care® 450), Polyglyceryl-3 Beeswax (Cera Bellina®), Polyglyceryl-4 Caprate (Polyglycerol Caprate T2010/90), Polyglyceryl-3 Cetyl Ether (Chimexane® NL), Polyglyceryl-3 Distearate (Cremophor® GS 32) and Polyglyceryl Polyricinoleate (Admul® WOL 1403), Polyglyceryl Dimerate Isostearate and mixtures thereof.

Examples of other suitable polyolesters are the mono-, di- and triesters of trimethylol propane or pentaerythritol with lauric acid, cocofatty acid, tallow fatty acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, behenic acid and the like optionally reacted with 1 to 30 mol ethylene oxide.

Preferred polyol esters for the purposes of the present invention are polyglycol esters in the form of partial glycerides with 1 to 30 and preferably 5 to 10 mol ethylene oxide. They are used in quantities of 0.1 to 8% by weight, preferably in quantities of 1 to 7% by weight and more particularly in quantities of 2 to 5% by weight, based on the quantity of the pearlizing concentrates.

The quantity ratio of nonionic surfactants from the polyol ester group to anionic surfactants advantageous for viscosity adjustment and physicochemical stability is 2:1 to 0.8:1 and preferably 1.2:1 to 1:1 while the ratio of pearlizing waxes to polyol esters is 12:1 to 7:1 and preferably 11:1 to 9:1. Outside these quantity ratios, unstable formulations with little pearlescence or concentrates unsuitable for further processing because of their viscosity are obtained.

Polyols

In another embodiment of the invention, the concentrates may additionally contain polyols as an optional component (e) for reducing viscosity. Suitable polyols preferably contain 2 to 15 carbon atoms and at least two hydroxyl groups. The polyols may contain other functional groups, more especially amino groups, or may be modified with nitrogen. Typical examples are

-   -   glycerol;     -   alkylene glycols such as, for example, ethylene glycol,         diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, hexylene         glycol and polyethylene glycols with an average molecular weight         of 100 to 1000 dalton;     -   technical oligoglycerol mixtures with a degree of         self-condensation of 1.5 to 10 such as, for example, technical         diglycerol mixtures with a diglycerol content of 40 to 50% by         weight;     -   methylol compounds such as, in particular, trimethylol ethane,         trimethylol propane, trimethylol butane, pentaerythritol and         dipentaerythritol;     -   lower alkyl glucosides, particularly those containing 1 to 8         carbon atoms in the alkyl group, for example methyl and butyl         glucoside;     -   sugar alcohols containing 5 to 12 carbon atoms, for example         sorbitol or mannitol;     -   sugars containing 5 to 12 carbon atoms, for example glucose or         sucrose;     -   amino sugars, for example glucamine;     -   dialcoholamines, such as diethanolamine or         2-aminopropane-1,3-diol.

The polyols are used in quantities of typically 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 5% by weight and more particularly 0.7 to 1% by weight, based on the quantity of the pearlizing concentrates. If larger quantities of polyol, preferably glycerol or ethylene glycol, are used, the concentrates are simultaneously stabilized against microbial infestation.

Fatty Alcohol Ethoxylates

“Free from fatty alcohol ethoxylates” in the context of the present invention means that the pearlizing concentrates contain less than 0.4% by weight, preferably less than 0.2% by weight and more particularly less than 0.1% by weight fatty alcohol ethoxylates.

Fatty alcohol ethoxylates are called fatty alcohol or oxoalcohol ethoxylates on the basis of their production and preferably correspond to formula (XI): R²⁰O(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)H  (XI) in which R²⁰ is a linear or branched alkyl and/or alkenyl group containing 6 to 22 carbon atoms and n is a number of 1 to 50. Typical examples are the adducts of, on average, 1 to 50, preferably 5 to 40 and more particularly 10 to 25 mol with caproic alcohol, caprylic alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, capric alcohol, lauryl alcohol, isotridecyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, palmitoleyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, elaidyl alcohol, petroselinyl alcohol, arachyl alcohol, gadoleyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, erucyl alcohol and brassidyl alcohol and the technical mixtures thereof obtained, for example, in the high-pressure hydrogenation of technical methyl esters based on fats and oils or aldehydes from Roelen's oxo synthesis and as monomer fraction in the dimerization of unsaturated fatty alcohols. Adducts of 10 to 40 mol ethylene oxide with technical C₁₂₋₁₈ fatty alcohols, for example coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil or tallow fatty alcohol, are preferred. Production Process

In one preferred embodiment, which is also a subject of the invention, the pearlizing concentrates are produced by preparing a mixture of components (a), (b) and (c), heating it to a temperature 1 to 30° C. above the melting point of the mixture, mixing it with the necessary quantity of water having substantially the same temperature and then cooling the mixture to room temperature. In an alternative method of production, a concentrated aqueous surfactant paste may be initially introduced, the pearlizing wax stirred in while heating and the mixture subsequently diluted with more water to the required concentration or the mixing step may be carried out in the presence of polymeric hydrophilic thickeners such as, for example, hydroxypropyl celluloses, xanthan gum or polymers of the Carbomer type.

Commercial Applications

The pearlizing concentrates according to the invention typically have the following composition:

-   (a) 20 to 45% by weight pearlizing waxes, -   (b) 0.1 to 6% by weight anionic surfactants, -   (c) 0.1 to 8% by weight nonionic emulsifiers from the polyol ester     group,     with the provisos that the quantities shown add up to 100% by weight     with water and optionally other auxiliaries and additives, the     quantity ratio of pearlizing waxes (a) to nonionic emulsifiers from     the group of polyol esters (c) is in the range from 12:1 to 7:1 and     the quantity ratio of polyol esters to anionic surfactants is in the     range from 2:1 to 0.8:1.

The pearlizing concentrates according to the invention preferably have the following composition:

-   (a) 25 to 40% by weight pearlizing waxes, -   (b) 0.5 to 5% by weight anionic surfactants, -   (c) 1 to 7% by weight nonionic emulsifiers from the polyol ester     group,     with the provisos that the quantities shown add up to 100% by weight     with water and optionally other auxiliaries and additives, the     quantity ratio of pearlizing waxes (a) to nonionic emulsifiers from     the group of polyol esters (c) is in the range from 12:1 to 7:1 and     the quantity ratio of polyol esters to anionic surfactants is in the     range from 2:1 to 0.8:1.

The particularly preferred composition of the pearlizing concentrates according to the invention is:

-   (a) 27 to 39% by weight pearlizing waxes, -   (b) 1 to 4% by weight anionic surfactants, -   (c) 2 to 5% by weight nonionic emulsifiers from the polyol ester     group, -   (d) 3 to 8% by weight betaines,     with the provisos that the quantities shown add up to 100% by weight     with water and optionally other auxiliaries and additives, the     quantity ratio of pearlizing waxes (a) to nonionic emulsifiers from     the group of polyol esters (c) is in the range from 11:1 to 9:1 and     the quantity ratio of polyol esters to anionic surfactants is in the     range from 1.2:1 to 1:1.

The pearlizing concentrates according to the invention are suitable for opacifying surface-active preparations such as, for example, hair shampoos or manual dishwashing detergents. To produce opacified and pearlescent, liquid water-based preparations of water-soluble surfactants, the pearlizing concentrates are added to the clear water-based preparations in a quantity of 0.5 to 40% by weight, preferably 1 to 20% by weight and more particularly 2 to 10% by weight, normally at 0 to 40° C., and are distributed therein by stirring.

Cosmetic and/or Pharmaceutical Preparations

The pearlizing concentrates according to the invention may be used for the production of cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical preparations, for example hair shampoos, hair lotions, foam baths, shower baths, creams, gels, lotions, alcoholic and aqueous/alcoholic solutions, emulsions, wax/fat compounds, stick preparations, powders or ointments. These preparations may also contain mild surfactants, oil components, superfatting agents, consistency factors, thickeners, polymers, silicone compounds, fats, waxes, stabilizers, biogenic agents, deodorizers, antiperspirants, antidandruff agents, film formers, swelling agents, UV protection factors, antioxidants, hydrotropes, preservatives, insect repellents, self-tanning agents, solubilizers, perfume oils, dyes and the like as further auxiliaries and additives.

Typical examples of suitable mild, i.e. particularly dermatologically compatible, surfactants are fatty alcohol polyglycol ether sulfates, monoglyceride sulfates, mono- and/or dialkyl sulfosuccinates, fatty acid isethionates, fatty acid sarcosinates, fatty acid taurides, fatty acid glutamates, α-olefin sulfonates, ether carboxylic acids, alkyl oligoglucosides, fatty acid glucamides, alkylamidobetaines and/or protein fatty acid condensates, preferably based on wheat proteins.

Besides the polyol esters, suitable other nonionic emulsifiers are, for example, nonionic surfactants from at least one of the following groups:

-   (1) alkyl mono- and oligoglycosides containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms     in the alkyl group and ethoxylated analogs thereof; -   (2) products of the additon of 1 to 15 mol ethylene oxide onto     castor oil and/or hydrogenated castor oil; -   (3) products of the addition of 15 to 60 mol ethylene oxide onto     castor oil and/or hydrogenated castor oil; -   (4) mono-, di- and trialkyl phosphates and mono-, di- and/or     tri-PEG-alkyl phosphates and salts thereof; -   (5) wool wax alcohols; -   (6) polysiloxane/polyalkyl polyether copolymers and corresponding     derivatives; -   (7) polyalkylene glycols and -   (8) glycerol carbonate.

The addition products of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide onto alkylphenols or onto castor oil are known commercially available products. They are homolog mixtures of which the average degree of alkoxylation corresponds to the ratio between the quantities of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide and substrate with which the addition reaction is carried out. C_(8/18) alkyl mono- and oligoglycosides, their production and their use are known from the prior art. They are produced in particular by reacting glucose or oligosaccharides with primary C₈₋₁₈ alcohols. So far as the glycoside unit is concerned, both monoglycosides in which a cyclic sugar unit is attached to the fatty alcohol by a glycoside bond and oligomeric glycosides with a degree of oligomerization of preferably up to about 8 are suitable. The degree of oligomerization is a statistical mean value on which the homolog distribution typical of such technical products is based.

Suitable oil components are, for example, Guerbet alcohols based on fatty alcohols containing 6 to 18 and preferably 8 to 10 carbon atoms, esters of linear C₆₋₂₂ fatty acids with linear C₆₋₂₂ fatty alcohols, esters of branched C₆₋₁₃ carboxylic acids with linear C₆₋₂₂ fatty alcohols such as, for example, myristyl myristate, myristyl palmitate, myristyl stearate, myristyl isostearate, myristyl oleate, myristyl behenate, myristyl erucate, cetyl myristate, cetyl palmitate, cetyl stearate, cetyl isostearate, cetyl oleate, cetyl behenate, cetyl erucate, stearyl myristate, stearyl palmitate, stearyl stearate, stearyl isostearate, stearyl oleate, stearyl behenate, stearyl erucate, isostearyl myristate, isostearyl palmitate, isostearyl stearate, isostearyl isostearate, isostearyl oleate, isostearyl behenate, isostearyl oleate, oleyl myristate, oleyl palmitate, oleyl stearate, oleyl isostearate, oleyl oleate, oleyl behenate, oleyl erucate, behenyl myristate, behenyl palmitate, behenyl stearate, behenyl isostearate, behenyl oleate, behenyl behenate, behenyl erucate, erucyl myristate, erucyl palmitate, erucyl stearate, erucyl isostearate, erucyl oleate, erucyl behenate and erucyl erucate. Also suitable are esters of linear C₆₋₂₂ fatty acids with branched alcohols, more particularly 2-ethyl hexanol, esters of hydroxycarboxylic acids with linear or branched C₆₋₂₂ fatty alcohols, more especially Dioctyl Malate, esters of linear and/or branched fatty acids with polyhydric alcohols (for example propylene glycol, dimer diol or trimer triol) and/or Guerbet alcohols, triglycerides based on C₆₋₁₀ fatty acids, liquid mono-/di-/tri-glyceride mixtures based on C₆₋₁₈ fatty acids, esters of C₆₋₂₂ fatty alcohols and/or Guerbet alcohols with aromatic carboxylic acids, more particularly benzoic acid, esters of C₂₋₁₂ dicarboxylic acids with linear or branched alcohols containing 1 to 22 carbon atoms or polyols containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms and 2 to 6 hydroxyl groups, vegetable oils, branched primary alcohols, substituted cyclohexanes, linear and branched C₆₋₂₂ fatty alcohol carbonates, Guerbet carbonates, esters of benzoic acid with linear and/or branched C₆₋₂₂ alcohols (for example Finsolv® TN), linear or branched, symmetrical or nonsymmetrical dialkyl ethers containing 6 to 22 carbon atoms per alkyl group, ring opening products of epoxidized fatty acid esters with polyols, silicone oils and/or aliphatic or naphthenic hydrocarbons, for example squalane, squalene or dialkyl cyclohexanes.

Superfatting agents may be selected from such substances as, for example, lanolin and lecithin and also polyethoxylated or acylated lanolin and lecithin derivatives, polyol fatty acid esters, monoglycerides and fatty acid alkanolamides, the fatty acid alkanolamides also serving as foam stabilizers.

The consistency factors mainly used are fatty alcohols or hydroxyfatty alcohols containing 12 to 22 and preferably 16 to 18 carbon atoms and also partial glycerides, fatty acids or hydroxyfatty acids. A combination of these substances with alkyl oligoglucosides and/or fatty acid N-methyl glucamides of the same chain length and/or polyglycerol poly-12-hydroxystearates is preferably used.

Suitable thickeners are, for example, Aerosil types (hydrophilic silicas), polysaccharides, more especially xanthan gum, guar-guar, agar-agar, alginates and tyloses, carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose, also relatively high molecular weight polyethylene glycol monoesters and diesters of fatty acids, polyacrylates (for example Carbopols® [Goodrich] or Synthalens® [Sigma]), polyacrylamides, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone, surfactants such as, for example, ethoxylated fatty acid glycerides, esters of fatty acids with polyols, for example pentaerythritol or trimethylol propane, narrow-range fatty alcohol ethoxylates or alkyl oligoglucosides and electrolytes, such as sodium chloride and ammonium chloride.

Suitable cationic polymers are, for example, cationic cellulose derivatives such as, for example, the quaternized hydroxyethyl cellulose obtainable from Amerchol under the name of Polymer JR 400®, cationic starch, copolymers of diallyl ammonium salts and acrylamides, quaternized vinyl pyrrolidone/vinyl imidazole polymers such as, for example, Luviquat® (BASF), condensation products of polyglycols and amines, quaternized collagen polypeptides such as, for example, Lauryldimonium Hydroxypropyl Hydrolyzed Collagen (Lamequat® L, Grünau), quaternized wheat polypeptides, polyethyleneimine, cationic silicone polymers such as, for example, amodimethicone, copolymers of adipic acid and dimethylamino-hydroxypropyl diethylenetriamine (Cartaretine®, Sandoz), copolymers of acrylic acid with dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (Merquat® 550, Chemviron), polyaminopolyamides as described, for example, in FR 2252840 A and crosslinked water-soluble polymers thereof, cationic chitin derivatives such as, for example, quaternized chitosan, optionally in micro-crystalline distribution, condensation products of dihaloalkyls, for example dibromobutane, with bis-dialkylamines, for example bis-dimethylamino-1,3-propane, cationic guar gum such as, for example, Jaguar®CBS, Jaguar®C-17, Jaguar®C-16 of Celanese, quaternized ammonium salt polymers such as, for example, Mirapol® A-15, Mirapol® AD-1, Mirapol® AZ-1 of Miranol.

Suitable anionic, zwitterionic, amphoteric and nonionic polymers are, for example, vinyl acetate/crotonic acid copolymers, vinyl pyrrolidone/vinyl acrylate copolymers, vinyl acetate/butyl maleate/isobornyl acrylate copolymers, methyl vinylether/maleic anhydride copolymers and esters thereof, uncrosslinked and polyol-crosslinked polyacrylic acids, acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride/acrylate copolymers, octylacrylamide/methyl methacrylate/tert.-butylaminoethyl methacrylate/2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate copolymers, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl pyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymers, vinyl pyrrolidone/dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate/vinyl caprolactam terpolymers and optionally derivatized cellulose ethers and silicones.

Suitable silicone compounds are, for example, dimethyl polysiloxanes, methylphenyl polysiloxanes, cyclic silicones and amino-, fatty acid-, alcohol-, polyether-, epoxy-, fluorine-, glycoside- and/or alkyl-modified silicone compounds which may be both liquid and resin-like at room temperature. Other suitable silicone compounds are simethicones which are mixtures of dimethicones with an average chain length of 200 to 300 dimethylsiloxane units and hydrogenated silicates. A detailed overview of suitable volatile silicones can be found in Todd et al. in Cosm. Toil. 91, 27 (1976).

Typical examples of fats are glycerides while suitable waxes are inter alia natural waxes such as, for example, candelilla wax, carnauba wax, Japan wax, espartograss wax, cork wax, guaruma wax, rice oil wax, sugar cane wax, ouricury wax, montan wax, beeswax, shellac wax, spermaceti, lanolin (wool wax), uropygial fat, ceresine, ozocerite (earth wax), petrolatum, paraffin waxes, microwaxes; chemically modified waxes (hard waxes) such as, for example, montan ester waxes, sasol waxes, hydrogenated jojoba waxes and synthetic waxes such as, for example, polyalkylene waxes and polyethylene glycol waxes.

Metal salts of fatty acids such as, for example, magnesium, aluminium and/or zinc stearate or ricinoleate may be used as stabilizers.

In the context of the invention, biogenic agents are, for example, tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, tocopherol palmitate, ascorbic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, retinol, bisabolol, allantoin, phytantriol, panthenol, AHA acids, amino acids, ceramides, pseudoceramides, essential oils, plant extracts and vitamin complexes.

Cosmetic deodorants counteract, mask or eliminate body odors. Body odors are formed through the action of skin bacteria on apocrine perspiration which results in the formation of unpleasant-smelling degradation products. Accordingly, deodorants contain active principles which act as germ inhibitors, enzyme inhibitors, odor absorbers or odor maskers.

Basically, suitable germ inhibitors are any substances which act against gram-positive bacteria such as, for example, 4-hydroxybenzoic acidand salts and esters thereof, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-urea, 2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenylether (triclosan), 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol, 2,2′-methylene-bis-(6-bromo-4-chlorophenol), 3-methyl4-(1-methylethyl)-phenol, 2-benzyl-4-chlorophenol, 3-(4-chloro-phenoxy)-propane-1,2-diol, 3-iodo-2-propinyl butyl carbamate, chlorhexidine, 3,4,4′-trichlorocarbanilide (TTC), antibacterial perfumes, thymol, thyme oil, eugenol, nettle oil, menthol, mint oil, farnesol, phenoxyethanol, glycerol monolaurate (GML), diglycerol monocaprate (DMC), salicylic acid-N-alkylamides such as, for example, salicylic acid-n-octyl amide or salicylic acid-n-decyl amide.

Suitable enzyme inhibitors are, for example, esterase inhibitors. Esterase inhibitors are preferably trialkyl citrates, such as trimethyl citrate, tripropyl citrate, triisopropyl citrate, tributyl citrate and, in particular, triethyl citrate (Hydagen® CAT, Henkel KGaA, Düsseldorf, FRG). Esterase inhibitors inhibit enzyme activity and thus reduce odor formation. Other esterase inhibitors are sterol sulfates or phosphates such as, for example, lanosterol, cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol sulfate or phosphate, dicarboxylic acids and esters thereof, for example glutaric acid, glutaric acid monoethyl ester, glutaric acid diethyl ester, adipic acid, adipic acid monoethyl ester, adipic acid diethyl ester, malonic acid and malonic acid diethyl ester, hydroxycarboxylic acids and esters thereof, for example citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid or tartaric acid diethyl ester, and zinc glycinate.

Suitable odor absorbers are substances which are capable of absorbing and largely retaining the odor-forming compounds. They reduce the partial pressure of the individual components and thus also reduce the rate at which they spread. An important requirement in this regard is that perfumes must remain unimpaired. Odor absorbers are not active against bacteria. They contain, for example, a complex zinc salt of ricinoleic acid or special perfumes of largely neutral odor known to the expert as “fixateurs” such as, for example, extracts of labdanum or styrax or certain abietic acid derivatives as their principal component. Odor maskers are perfumes or perfume oils which, besides their odor-masking function, impart their particular perfume note to the deodorants. Suitable perfume oils are, for example, mixtures of natural and synthetic fragrances. Natural fragrances include the extracts of blossoms, stems and leaves, fruits, fruit peel, roots, woods, herbs and grasses, needles and branches, resins and balsams. Animal raw materials, for example civet and beaver, may also be used. Typical synthetic perfume compounds are products of the ester, ether, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol and hydrocarbon type. Examples of perfume compounds of the ester type are benzyl acetate, p-tert.butyl cyclohexylacetate, linalyl acetate, phenyl ethyl acetate, linalyl benzoate, benzyl formate, allyl cyclohexyl propionate, styrallyl propionate and benzyl salicylate. Ethers include, for example, benzyl ethyl ether while aldehydes include, for example, the linear alkanals containing 8 to 18 carbon atoms, citral, citronellal, citronellyloxyacetaldehyde, cyclamen aldehyde, hydroxy-citronellal, lilial and bourgeonal. Examples of suitable ketones are the ionones and methyl cedryl ketone. Suitable alcohols are anethol, citronellol, eugenol, isoeugenol, geraniol, linalool, phenylethyl alcohol and terpineol. The hydrocarbons mainly include the terpenes and balsams. However, it is preferred to use mixtures of different perfume compounds which, together, produce an agreeable fragrance. Other suitable perfume oils are essential oils of relatively low volatility which are mostly used as aroma components. Examples are sage oil, camomile oil, clove oil, melissa oil, mint oil, cinnamon leaf oil, lime-blossom oil, juniper berry oil, vetiver oil, olibanum oil, galbanum oil, ladanum oil and lavendin oil. The following are preferably used either individually or in the form of mixtures: bergamot oil, dihydromyrcenol, lilial, lyral, citronellol, phenylethyl alcohol, (α-hexylcinnamaldehyde, geraniol, benzyl acetone, cyclamen aldehyde, linalool, Boisambrene Forte, Ambroxan, indole, hedione, sandelice, citrus oil, mandarin oil, orange oil, allylamyl glycolate, cyclovertal, lavendin oil, clary oil, β-damascone, geranium oil bourbon, cyclohexyl salicylate, Vertofix Coeur, Iso-E-Super, Fixolide NP, evernyl, iraldein gamma, phenylacetic acid, geranyl acetate, benzyl acetate, rose oxide, romillat, irotyl and floramat.

Antiperspirants reduce perspiration and thus counteract underarm wetness and body odor by influencing the activity of the eccrine sweat glands. Aqueous or water-free antiperspirant formulations typically contain the following ingredients:

-   (a) astringent active principles, -   (b) oil components, -   (c) nonionic emulsifiers, -   (d) co-emulsifiers, -   (e) consistency factors, -   (f) auxiliaries in the form of, for example, thickeners or     complexing agents and/or -   (g) nonaqueous solvents such as, for example, ethanol, propylene     glycol and/or glycerol.

Suitable astringent active principles of antiperspirants are, above all, salts of aluminium, zirconium or zinc. Suitable antihydrotic agents of this type are, for example, aluminium chloride, aluminium chlorohydrate, aluminium dichlorohydrate, aluminium sesquichlorohydrate and complex compounds thereof, for example with 1,2-propylene glycol, aluminium hydroxyallantoinate, aluminium chloride tartrate, aluminium zirconium trichlorohydrate, aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrate, aluminium zirconium pentachlorohydrate and complex compounds thereof, for example with amino acids, such as glycine. Oil-soluble and water-soluble auxiliaries typically encountered in antiperspirants may also be present in relatively small amounts. Oil-soluble auxiliaries such as these include, for example,

-   -   inflammation-inhibiting, skin-protecting or pleasant-smelling         essential oils,     -   synthetic skin-protecting agents and/or     -   oil-soluble perfume oils.

Typical water-soluble additives are, for example, preservatives, water-soluble perfumes, pH regulators, for example buffer mixtures, water-soluble thickeners, for example water-soluble natural or synthetic polymers such as, for example, xanthan gum, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone or high molecular weight polyethylene oxides.

Suitable antidandruff agents are climbazol, octopirox and zinc pyrithione.

Standard film formers are, for example, chitosan, microcrystalline chitosan, quaternized chitosan, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl pyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymers, polymers of the acrylic acid series, quaternary cellulose derivatives, collagen, hyaluronic acid and salts thereof and similar compounds.

Suitable swelling agents for aqueous phases are montmorillonites, clay minerals, Pemulen and alkyl-modified Carbopol types (Goodrich). Other suitable polymers and swelling agents can be found in R. Lochhead's review in Cosm. Toil. 108, 95 (1993).

Examples of UV protection factors include organic substances (light filters) which are liquid or crystalline at room temperature and which are capable of absorbing ultraviolet radiation and of releasing the energy absorbed in the form of longer-wave radiation, for example heat. UV-B filters can be oil-soluble or water-soluble. The following are examples of oil-soluble substances:

-   -   3-benzylidene camphor or 3-benzylidene norcamphor and         derivatives thereof, for example         3-(4-methylbenzylidene)-camphor, as described in EP 0693471 B1;     -   4-aminobenzoic acid derivatives, preferably         4-(dimethylamino)-benzoic acid-2-ethylhexyl ester,         4-(dimethylamino)-benzoic acid-2-octyl ester and         4-(dimethylamino)-benzoic acid amyl ester;     -   esters of cinnamic acid, preferably 4-methoxycinnamic         acid-2-ethylhexyl ester, 4-methoxycinnamic acid propyl ester,         4-methoxycinnamic acid isoamyl ester, 2-cyano-3,3-phenylcinnamic         acid-2-ethylhexyl ester (Octocrylene);     -   esters of salicylic acid, preferably salicylic acid-2-ethylhexyl         ester, salicylic acid-4-isopropylbenzyl ester, salicylic acid         homomenthyl ester;     -   derivatives of benzophenone, preferably         2-hydroxy4-methoxybenzophenone,         2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4′-methylbenzophenone,         2,2′-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone;     -   esters of benzalmalonic acid, preferably 4-methoxybenzalmalonic         acid di-2-ethylhexyl ester;     -   triazine derivatives such as, for example,         2,4,6-trianilino-(p-carbo-2′-ethyl-1′-hexyloxy)-1,3,5-triazine         and Octyl Triazone, as described in EP 0818450 A1, or Dioctyl         Butamido Triazine (Uvasorb® HEB);     -   propane-1,3-diones such as, for example,         1-(4-tert.butylphenyl)-3-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-propane-1,3-dione;     -   ketotricyclo(5.2.1)decane derivatives, as described in EP         0694521 B1.

Suitable water-soluble substances are

-   -   2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid and alkali metal, alkaline         earth metal, ammonium, alkylammonium, alkanolammonium and         glucammonium salts thereof;     -   sulfonic acid derivatives of benzophenones, preferably         2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulfonic acid and salts         thereof;     -   sulfonic acid derivatives of 3-benzylidene camphor such as, for         example, 4-(2-oxo-3-bornylidenemethyl)-benzene sulfonic acid and         2-methyl-5-(2-oxo-3-bornylidene)-sulfonic acid and salts         thereof.

Typical UV-A filters are, in particular, derivatives of benzoyl methane such as, for example 1-(4′-tert.butylphenyl)-3-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-propane-1,3-dione, 4-tert-butyl-4′-methoxydibenzoylmethane (Parsol 1789), 1-phenyl-3-(4′-isopropylphenyl)-propane-1,3-dione and the eneamine compounds described in DE 19712033 A1 (BASF). The UV-A and UV-B filters may of course also be used in the form of mixtures. Besides the soluble substances mentioned, insoluble pigments, i.e. finely dispersed metal oxides or salts, may also be used for this purpose. Examples of suitable metal oxides are, in particular, zinc oxide and titanium dioxide and also oxides of iron, zirconium, silicon, manganese, aluminium and cerium and mixtures thereof. Silicates (talcum), barium sulfate and zinc stearate may be used as salts. The oxides and salts are used in the form of the pigments for skin-care and skin-protecting emulsions. The particles should have an average diameter of less than 100 nm, preferably from 5 to 50 nm and more preferably from 15 to 30 nm. They may be spherical in shape although ellipsoidal particles or other non-spherical particles may also be used. The pigments may also be surface-treated, i.e. hydrophilicized or hydrophobicized. Typical examples are coated titanium dioxides such as, for example, Titandioxid T 805 (Degussa) or Eusolex® T2000 (Merck). Suitable hydrophobic coating materials are, above all, silicones and particularly trialkoxyoctyl silanes or simethicones. So-called micro- or nanopigments are preferably used in sun protection products. Micronized zinc oxide is preferably used. Other suitable UV filters can be found in P. Finkel's review in SÖFW-Journal 122, 543 (1996).

Besides the two above-mentioned groups of primary protection factors, secondary protection factors of the antioxidant type may also be used. Secondary sun protection factors of the antioxidant type interrupt the photochemical reaction chain which is initiated when UV rays penetrate into the skin. Typical examples of suitable antioxidants are amino acids (for example glycine, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophane) and derivatives thereof, imidazoles (for example urocanic acid) and derivatives thereof, peptides, such as D,L-carnosine, D-carnosine, L-carnosine and derivatives thereof (for example anserine), carotinoids, carotenes (for example α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene) and derivatives thereof, chlorogenic acid and derivatives thereof, liponic acid and derivatives thereof (for example dihydroliponic acid), aurothioglucose, propylthiouracil and other thiols (for example thioredoxine, glutathione, cysteine, cystine, cystamine and glycosyl, N-acetyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, amyl, butyl and lauryl, palmitoyl, oleyl, γ-linoleyl, cholesteryl and glyceryl esters thereof) and their salts, dilaurylthiodipropionate, distearylthiodipropionate, thiodipropionic acid and derivatives thereof (esters, ethers, peptides, lipids, nucleotides, nucleosides and salts) and sulfoximine compounds (for example butionine sulfoximines, homocysteine sulfoximine, butionine sulfones, penta-, hexa- and hepta-thionine sulfoximine) in very small compatible dosages (for example pmol to μmol/kg), also (metal) chelators (for example α-hydroxyfatty acids, palmitic acid, phytic acid, lactoferrine), α-hydroxy acids (for example citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid), humic acid, bile acid, bile extracts, bilirubin, biliverdin, EDTA, EGTA and derivatives thereof, unsaturated fatty acids and derivatives thereof (for example γ-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid), folic acid and derivatives thereof, ubiquinone and ubiquinol and derivatives thereof, vitamin C and derivatives thereof (for example ascorbyl palmitate, Mg ascorbyl phosphate, ascorbyl acetate), tocopherols and derivatives (for example vitamin E acetate), vitamin A and derivatives (vitamin A palmitate) and coniferyl benzoate of benzoin resin, rutinic acid and derivatives thereof, α-glycosyl rutin, ferulic acid, furfurylidene glucitol, carnosine, butyl hydroxytoluene, butyl hydroxyanisole, nordihydroguaiac resin acid, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, trihydroxy-butyrophenone, uric acid and derivatives thereof, mannose and derivatives thereof, Superoxid-Dismutase, zinc and derivatives thereof (for example ZnO, ZnSO₄), selenium and derivatives thereof (for example selenium methionine), stilbenes and derivatives thereof (for example stilbene oxide, trans-stilbene oxide) and derivatives of these active substances suitable for the purposes of the invention (salts, esters, ethers, sugars, nucleotides, nucleosides, peptides and lipids).

In addition, hydrotropes, for example ethanol, isopropyl alcohol or polyols, may be used to improve flow behavior.

Suitable preservatives are, for example, phenoxyethanol, formaldehyde solution, parabens, pentanediol or sorbic acid and the other classes of compounds listed in Appendix 6, Parts A and B of the Kosmetikverordnung (“Cosmetics Directive”). Suitable insect repellents are N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, pentane-1,2-diol or Ethyl Butylacetyl-aminopropionate. A suitable self-tanning agent is dihydroxyacetone.

Suitable perfume oils are mixtures of natural and synthetic fragrances. Natural fragrances include the extracts of blossoms (lily, lavender, rose, jasmine, neroli, ylang-ylang), stems and leaves (geranium, patchouli, petitgrain), fruits (anise, coriander, caraway, juniper), fruit peel (bergamot, lemon, orange), roots (nutmeg, angelica, celery, cardamon, costus, iris, calmus), woods (pinewood, sandalwood, guaiac wood, cedarwood, rosewood), herbs and grasses (tarragon, lemon grass, sage, thyme), needles and branches (spruce, fir, pine, dwarf pine), resins and balsams (galbanum, elemi, benzoin, myrrh, olibanum, opoponax). Animal raw materials, for example civet and beaver, may also be used. Typical synthetic perfume compounds are products of the ester, ether, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol and hydrocarbon type. Examples of perfume compounds of the ester type are benzyl acetate, phenoxyethyl isobutyrate, p-tert.butyl cyclohexylacetate, linalyl acetate, dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetate, phenyl ethyl acetate, linalyl benzoate, benzyl formate, ethylmethyl phenyl glycinate, allyl cyclohexyl propionate, styrallyl propionate and benzyl salicylate. Ethers include, for example, benzyl ethyl ether while aldehydes include, for example, the linear alkanals containing 8 to 18 carbon atoms, citral, citronellal, citronellyloxyacetaldehyde, cyclamen aldehyde, hydroxycitronellal, lilial and bourgeonal. Examples of suitable ketones are the ionones, α-isomethylionone and methyl cedryl ketone. Suitable alcohols are anethol, citronellol, eugenol, isoeugenol, geraniol, linalool, phenylethyl alcohol and terpineol. The hydrocarbons mainly include the terpenes and balsams. However, it is preferred to use mixtures of different perfume compounds which, together, produce an agreeable fragrance. Other suitable perfume oils are essential oils of relatively low volatility which are mostly used as aroma components. Examples are sage oil, camomile oil, clove oil, melissa oil, mint oil, cinnamon leaf oil, lime-blossom oil, juniper berry oil, vetiver oil, olibanum oil, galbanum oil, ladanum oil and lavendin oil. The following are preferably used either individually or in the form of mixtures: bergamot oil, dihydromyrcenol, lilial, lyral, citronellol, phenylethyl alcohol, α-hexylcinnamaldehyde, geraniol, benzyl acetone, cyclamen aldehyde, linalool, Boisambrene Forte, Ambroxan, indole, hedione, sandelice, citrus oil, mandarin oil, orange oil, allylamyl glycolate, cyclovertal, lavendin oil, clary oil, β-damascone, geranium oil bourbon, cyclohexyl salicylate, Vertofix Coeur, Iso-E-Super, Fixolide NP, evernyl, iraldein gamma, phenylacetic acid, geranyl acetate, benzyl acetate, rose oxide, romillat, irotyl and floramat.

Suitable dyes are any of the substances suitable and approved for cosmetic purposes as listed, for example, in the publication “Kosmetische Färbemittel” of the Farbstoffkommission der Deutschen Forschungs-gemeinschaft, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1984, pages 81 to 106. These dyes are normally used in concentrations of 0.001 to 0.1% by weight, based on the mixture as a whole.

EXAMPLES

Pearlizing concentrates (3) and (6) according to the invention and a product (9) of somewhat lower concentration contain pearlizing waxes, nonionic surfactants and anionic surfactants in the defined quantity ratios. The absence of anionic surfactants leads to high viscosities (1)(2)(4) or to unstable dispersions (7) with little pearlescence. Viscosity was determined by the Brookfield method in an RVT viscosimeter (20° C., 10 r.p.m., spindle 5). Storage stability was evaluated after 6 weeks at 25° C.

TABLE 1 Composition and performance of pearlizing concentrates [quantities in % by weight active substance] Composition 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ethyleneglycol 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 30.0 Distearate Cutina ® AGS C12/14 Fatty alcohol + 4 9.0 — — — — — 4.0 4.0 — EO Dehydol ® LS4 C12/14 Fatty alcohol + 6 — 7.0 — — 7.0 — — — — EO Dehydol ® LS6 PEG-7-Glycerol — — 5.0 5.0 — — — — 4.0 Cocoate Cetiol ® HE PEG-5-Cocoate — — — — — 4.0 — — — Sodium Laureth (2) — — 3.0 — 3.0 3.5 — 3.0 3.0 Sulfate Texapon ® N70 Cocamidopropyl 8.0 10.0 7.0 9.0 10.0 6.0 10.0 8.0 8.0 Betaine Dehyton ® K Benzoic acid 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Water to 100 Viscosity of the >100,000 >100,000 12600 45000 90000 13400 2600 32900 5230 concentrates [mPas] Ratio of pearlizing 4.4:1 5.7:1   8:1 8:1 5.7:1  10:1 10:1  10:1 7.5:1 wax to nonionic surfactant Ratio of Nonionic — — 1.6:1 — 2.3:1 1.2:1 — 1.6:1   2:1 surfactant* to anionic surfactant Storage stability Paste, Paste, Readily Paste, Paste, Readily Unstable, Flowable Readily non- non- flowable non- non- flowable separates paste flowable flowable flowable flowable flowable 

1. A pearlizing composition comprising: (a) from about 20 to 45% by weight of a pearlizing wax; (b) from about 0.1 to 6% by weight of an anionic surfactant; (c) from about 0.1 to 8% by weight of a polyol ester; (d) optionally, a surfactant selected from the group consisting of a zwitterionic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, and mixtures thereof; and (e) water, all weights being based on the weight of the composition, and wherein (a) and (c) are present in the composition in a ratio by weight of from about 12:1 to 7:1, and wherein (c) and (b) are present in the composition in a ratio by weight of from about 2:1 to 0.8:1.
 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein (b) is an alkyl ether sulfate.
 3. The composition of claim 1 wherein (a) is present in the composition in an amount of from about 27 to 39% by weight, based on the weight of the composition.
 4. The composition of claim 1 wherein (b) is present in the composition in an amount of from about 1 to 4% by weight, based on the weight of the composition.
 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the composition is free of fatty alcohol ethoxylates.
 6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the sum of (b)+(c)+(d) is less than about 25% by weight, based on the weight of the composition.
 7. The composition of claim 1 wherein the sum of (b)+(c)+(d) is from about 10 to 18% by weight, based on the weight of the composition.
 8. The composition of claim 1 wherein (c) is present in the composition in an amount of from about 2 to 5% by weight, based on the weight of the composition.
 9. The composition of claim 1 wherein (a) is present in an amount of from about 27 to 39% by weight, (b) is present in an amount of from about 1 to 4% by weight, (c) is present in an amount of from about 2 to 5% by weight, and (d) is a betaine present in an amount of from about 3 to 8% by weight, all weights being based on the weight of the composition.
 10. A process for imparting pearlescence to a product comprising adding to the product a pearlescent composition containing: (a) from about 20 to 45% by weight of a pearlizing wax; (b) from about 0.1 to 6% by weight of an anionic surfactant; (c) from about 0.1 to 8% by weight of a polyol ester; (d) optionally, a surfactant selected from the group consisting of a zwitterionic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, and mixtures thereof; and (e) water, all weights being based on the weight of the composition, and wherein (a) and (c) are present in the composition in a ratio by weight of from about 12:1 to 7:1, and wherein (c) and (b) are present in the composition in a ratio by weight of from about 2:1 to 0.8:1.
 11. The process of claim 10 wherein (b) is an alkyl ether sulfate.
 12. The process of claim 10 wherein (a) is present in the composition in an amount of from about 27 to 39% by weight, based on the weight of the composition.
 13. The process of claim 10 wherein (b) is present in the composition in an amount of from about 1 to 4% by weight, based on the weight of the composition.
 14. The process of claim 10 wherein the composition is free of fatty alcohol ethoxylates.
 15. process of claim 10 wherein the sum of (b)+(c)+(d) is less than about 25% by weight, based on the weight of the composition.
 16. The process of claim 10 wherein the sum of (b)+(c)+(d) is from about 10 to 18% by weight, based on the weight of the composition.
 17. The process of claim 10 wherein (c) is present in the composition in an amount of from about 2 to 5% by weight, based on the weight of the composition.
 18. The process of claim 10 wherein the composition contains (a) in an amount of from about 27 to 39% by weight, (b) in an amount of from about 1 to 4% by weight, (c) in an amount of from about 2 to 5% by weight, and (d) a betaine in an amount of from about 3 to 8% by weight, all weights being based on the weight of the composition. 